Those resistance bands are good for weight lifting, but overall, I'm not sure you can get faster. That's somewhat a gifted attribute. I feel like the speed you have is what it is. By adding resistance, whether the bands or you hold a light weight dumbbell and then throw punches with either, that punch will obviously be slower with the resistance. By removing the dumbbell/band, you're just back to your normal speed.
I actually know arm wrestlers use resistance bands to strengthen their tendons and for rehab. If anything, you might increase muscle mass by using these, depending how strong the band is. In turn, this may actually slow you down, lol.
Rather than using objects to try to get faster, you might want to work on technique. Perhaps changing angles slightly or body in the way you throw it can help, but I'm not sure you can actually get faster. Also, by putting down the dumbbell or resistance band and feeling faster all a sudden is probably placebo because, guess what, you're not throwing a jab with something heavy holding you back, lol.