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Most people dont know that Hispanics/Latino's do not represent a race.
They are mostly a trihybrid structure of races.
Scientists studying the DNA of 52 human groups from around the world have concluded that people belong to five principal groups corresponding to the major geographical regions of the world: Africa, Europe, Asia, Melanesia and the Americas.
Puerto Ricans Genetics
Puerto Ricans are, in descending order:
A 2002 study of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 800 Puerto Ricans found that 61.1% had Amerindian maternal mtDNA, 26.4% African, and 12.5% Caucasian. Conversely, patrilineal input showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% from a male African ancestor, and fewer than 10% from a male Amerindian ancestor. This suggests that the largest components of the Puerto Rican genetic pool are European/Caucasian, Amerindian, and African, in descending order.
In a study done on Puerto Rican women born on the island but living in NY in 2004, the ancestry proportions corresponding to the three parental populations were found to be 53.3±2.8% European, 29.1±2.3% West African, and 17.6±2.4% Native American based on autosomal ancestry informative markers. The study also showed 98% of the people sampled had European ancestry markers, 87% had African ancestry markers, 84% had Native American ancestry markers, 5% showed only African and European markers, 4% showed only Native American and European markers, 2% showed only African markers, and 2% showed only European markers.
Many Puerto Ricans who identify themselves as descendents of the Tainos have recently formed groups who have been active in calling for recognition of their tribe. A 2002 study using the Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 800 Puerto Ricans to examine pre-Columbian migrations to the Caribbean revealed that more than 61% of the Puerto Rican population has Taino mtDNA. The conclusion of the study is that the largest components of the genetic pool
Mexican Genetics
Hispanic are made up of a trihybrid structure with
Native American contributions ranged from 35.58% to 57.87%; in the East region the values ranged from 0% to 21.27%. An African influence was similar in both regions, ranging from 0% to 17.11%, with a tendency of increasing in the East region. These data reflect the different origins of the Hispanic populations that led to the present ones. In the West, Hispanics are mostly of Mexican origin, and in the East, they are predominantly of Cuban and Puerto Rican origin.
The effect of gene flow on Hispanic populations from different geographic regions of the United States was analyzed using six autosomal DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG,D7S8, GC, and HLA-DQA).
Cuban Genetics and Dominican Genetics
Cubans
1.European
2. African
3. Amerindian
Dominicans
1.Amerindian
2. African
3. European
genes from European ancestry, 16.8 percent from African forebears and up to 9.4 percent from Asian and indigenous genes. "We could've not have imagined that the geno-map of Cuba still has traces of our indigenous ancestors," said Dr. Beatriz Marcheco.
A curious finding from the research Dr. Marcheco pointed out is that there are people with light skin who have up to a 72 percent of their genes from African origins, and people with dark skin who have up to 85 percent of their genes from European origins.
"Mixed-race individuals have up to 64 percent of their genetic information from European origin and 31 percent from African origin
People in the Dominican Republic are considered to be genetically heterogeneous owing to the post-Colombian admixture of Native American, African, and European
lineages including Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans enabled us to assess relative genetic contributions of the three ancestral fractions to the two groups in the Dominican Republic. In the OD group, the majority (64.0%) of the mtDNA lineages were from African ancestry, whereas the Native American fraction was predominant (51.5%) , with both showing smallest amounts (14.0% and 9.1%, respectively) of European contribution.
They are mostly a trihybrid structure of races.
There are only 5 Primary Races in the World.
Asian,African, Melanesian, European, Native America
Scientists studying the DNA of 52 human groups from around the world have concluded that people belong to five principal groups corresponding to the major geographical regions of the world: Africa, Europe, Asia, Melanesia and the Americas.
Puerto Ricans Genetics
Puerto Ricans are, in descending order:
- European/Caucasian,
- Amerindian/Taino
- African
A 2002 study of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 800 Puerto Ricans found that 61.1% had Amerindian maternal mtDNA, 26.4% African, and 12.5% Caucasian. Conversely, patrilineal input showed that 70% of all Puerto Rican males have inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% from a male African ancestor, and fewer than 10% from a male Amerindian ancestor. This suggests that the largest components of the Puerto Rican genetic pool are European/Caucasian, Amerindian, and African, in descending order.
In a study done on Puerto Rican women born on the island but living in NY in 2004, the ancestry proportions corresponding to the three parental populations were found to be 53.3±2.8% European, 29.1±2.3% West African, and 17.6±2.4% Native American based on autosomal ancestry informative markers. The study also showed 98% of the people sampled had European ancestry markers, 87% had African ancestry markers, 84% had Native American ancestry markers, 5% showed only African and European markers, 4% showed only Native American and European markers, 2% showed only African markers, and 2% showed only European markers.
Many Puerto Ricans who identify themselves as descendents of the Tainos have recently formed groups who have been active in calling for recognition of their tribe. A 2002 study using the Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 800 Puerto Ricans to examine pre-Columbian migrations to the Caribbean revealed that more than 61% of the Puerto Rican population has Taino mtDNA. The conclusion of the study is that the largest components of the genetic pool
Mexican Genetics
Hispanic are made up of a trihybrid structure with
- Native American
- European
- African.
Native American contributions ranged from 35.58% to 57.87%; in the East region the values ranged from 0% to 21.27%. An African influence was similar in both regions, ranging from 0% to 17.11%, with a tendency of increasing in the East region. These data reflect the different origins of the Hispanic populations that led to the present ones. In the West, Hispanics are mostly of Mexican origin, and in the East, they are predominantly of Cuban and Puerto Rican origin.
The effect of gene flow on Hispanic populations from different geographic regions of the United States was analyzed using six autosomal DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG,D7S8, GC, and HLA-DQA).
Cuban Genetics and Dominican Genetics
Cubans
1.European
2. African
3. Amerindian
Dominicans
1.Amerindian
2. African
3. European
genes from European ancestry, 16.8 percent from African forebears and up to 9.4 percent from Asian and indigenous genes. "We could've not have imagined that the geno-map of Cuba still has traces of our indigenous ancestors," said Dr. Beatriz Marcheco.
A curious finding from the research Dr. Marcheco pointed out is that there are people with light skin who have up to a 72 percent of their genes from African origins, and people with dark skin who have up to 85 percent of their genes from European origins.
"Mixed-race individuals have up to 64 percent of their genetic information from European origin and 31 percent from African origin
People in the Dominican Republic are considered to be genetically heterogeneous owing to the post-Colombian admixture of Native American, African, and European
lineages including Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans enabled us to assess relative genetic contributions of the three ancestral fractions to the two groups in the Dominican Republic. In the OD group, the majority (64.0%) of the mtDNA lineages were from African ancestry, whereas the Native American fraction was predominant (51.5%) , with both showing smallest amounts (14.0% and 9.1%, respectively) of European contribution.
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